Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. Loss of appetite. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. Obstructive sleep apneaoccurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. d. both b and c. 2. In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. Quiz 1.docx - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 Complete the following In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. In addition, these individuals may wake up several times during the night only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep. Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. Using crystal meth poses a number of serious long-term health issues, including dental problems (often called meth mouth), skin abrasions caused by excessive scratching, memory loss, sleep problems, violent behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. Sleep reboundrefers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). For example, repeated use can lead to overall depletion among the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). 0. 23. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. NCEH provides leadership to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases, birth defects, or disabilities resulting from interaction between people and the environment. For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. Sleep regulationrefers to the brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world. In Hilgards experiments, he induced participants into a state of hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. What Is Inflammation? Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Words To Describe Symptoms | Adjectives For Symptoms - SearchSentences Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). Has something like this ever happened to you? During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. The three types of sleep apnea are central apnea, obstructive apnea (OSA), and a mixture of central and obstructive apnea. When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and K-complexes. The hypnogram below (Figure 4.12) shows a persons passage through the stages of sleep. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. PDF Internal States Scale and Reference - University of Washington It is typically consumed in pill form. In the therapeutic setting, a clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. b. life expectancy has reached a new high. Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012).
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