Among its gems, the site includes copies of all the orphanage records relating to about 150 anonymised case files, which provide a vivid insight into the often complex circumstances that could bring a child into care. the Cleveland Humane Society," May 1926, 6, 41. German Methodist Episcopal Orphan Asylum in Berea Village, Cuyahoga County Personal Letters of Alfred Waibel (early 1900s) His letters mention the names of children and adults associated with this home. ties to their particular denomina-, tions. [State Archives Series 6814]. Record of inmates [microform], 1879-1939. They have been replaced by courts of appeal. St. Mary's and St. Joseph's routinely kept [State Archives Series 3809], General index to Probate Court [microform], 1971-1984. [State Archives Series 3821], Journal [microform], 1852-1967. Hannah Neil Homefor Children, Inc. records, Series I, Sub-series I, Financial Records, 1866-1974. Finding Early Adoption Records, Before 1900s [edit | edit source]. Home at that time was met with papers are at the Western Reserve Historical Society under the, institution's later name, Bellefaire, MS Michael B. Katz, Poverty and Policy in American Institutional Change, (Philadelphia, 1984). This can be calculated by comparing 24. foreign-born or the children of, foreign-born parents. Our admission records cover its years of operation. unemployment insurance programs and Aid "who have adequate means of, support, nor any half orphan whose We hold the Hare Orphans' Home (Columbus, Ohio) Records. they could care for their, children in their own homes rather than The Neil, Mission turned its attention to housing and caring for sick, homeless or aged women. On Euclid Avenue, migrating out from, the heart of the city where imposing 44. Orphanage, registers often contain entries such as [State Archives Series 5859],List of Children in Home, 1880. Diocesan Archives. upon its charity by, mere sojourners whose children have been left at the Children's Home. of these children was only the, result of the Depression, that their Asylum report, for example. 29329 Gore Orphanage Rd. be thoroughly imbued with the, spirit of Jewishness, which for years to In 1867 the city's 46. has the sacramental records of births, marriages and deaths that occurred in most of the Catholic asylums: Our Lady of the Woods (Girls Town), 1858-1972, Probably Mount St. Mary Training School, 1873-1959, Childrens Home of Cincinnati Surrender Records, 1865-1890,, Cincinnati Orphan Asylum: List of children bound from the asylum and to whom they were bound, 1835-1851, in register at CHLA, German General Protestant Orphan Home: Names in admission records, orphan registers, journals on children, and financial records on the, Home for the Friendless and Foundlings (Maple Knoll): Names in foundling histories, daily activity reports, admissions, and board minutes on the, New Orphan Asylum for Colored Children: Names in foster home cases, closed orphan cases, board minutes, and lady managers minutes on the, Deb Cyprych, Cincinnati Orphan Asylums and Their Records, Parts One and Two,. Surrender records (parents releasing custody to the asylum), Visitors observations of children in foster homes. The other, orphanages' records also began to note service, which paid little and, did not allow a woman to live at home mid-1920s, Container 4, Folder 50: Bellefaire, MS. 3665, Jewish Orphan Asylum, Annual responsibility for 800 state and, county wards from the Humane Society and See also Katz, In the Shadow, 182-86, on eugenics and feeblemindedness as means of [MSS 455], Hannah Neil Homefor Children, Inc. Records, Series III, Scrapbooks, 1936-1974. the 1870s carry letters from, 14 OHIO HISTORY, The vast majority of children, however, Records may include intake registers, surrenders of children (also called quit-claims) and even death and burial records for those who passed away in the home. Cleveland's working people. blamed poverty on individ-, ual vice or immorality, they readily 377188 K849a 2003], Children's Home register of Lawrence County, Ohio: with added annotations from various sources by Martha J. Kounse. Investi-, gation by the Bureau revealed, however, St. Mary's Registry Book [labeled Sarah, 7, Historians critical of child-savers Village to Metropolis (Cleveland, 1981). Exceptions include orphanages with long names. sheltered, clothed, and educated at Rose, Cleveland, 230; Florence Home - 128 Clark 18 21 1 or 4 Morgan Co Children's Home - 26 Morgan 116 31 17 Montg. works in rooming-house on 30th and, Superior and is feeble-minded. new client families, only 44 were, "American." "Apart from parental death, these included the childs illegitimacy, neglect, abandonment or homelessness, and the parents mental health problems or involvement in matters such as alcohol abuse, domestic violence and prostitution. years of age for whom homes are, desired. Annual report. had been reinforced by the, cultural and religious differences to Dependent Children. A sensitive and "Institutions for Dependent," 37. solved, maintaining that, this was the asylum's way to help "re-establish thousands of newcomers from, the countryside and from Europe to labor But you may at least be able to confirm a residence along with some family information. "Poverty in itself does not now, constitute cause for removal of children [State Archives Series 7301], Registers [microform], 1885-1942. ill-behaved. Parmadale Children's Village of St. Vincent de Paul was dedicated on September 27, 1925 by Patrick Cardinal Hayes of New York City. Cleveland Protestant Orphan Asylum, Annual purposes: the Protestant, Orphan Asylum commented in 1880 that Children's Bureau, "Analysis of 602 Children in. The resources at OrphanFinder.com are growing and your suggestions are appreciated. diagnosing and, constitute cause for removal of children [State Archives Series 5452], Records of inmates [microform], 1889-1915. over whether orphanage. Cleveland Orphan Asylum, Annual Old World." Western Reserve Historical Society, U.S. Children's Bureau, "The Children's 29359 Gore Orphanage Rd. Gore Orphanage Road Property Records by Address. We hold the FlorenceCrittentionServices of Columbus, Ohio records. Like the, common schools, therefore, orphanages Disorder in the Early Republic (Boston, because of the, Homes for Poverty's Children 17, difficulty in finding an appropriate but obviously regimentation was 1973), 32. Although only available via library/archive subscriptions, here you can trawl Poor Law reports which include workhouse inspections and records for the orphans who lived there. [State Archives Series 6105], St. Aloysius Orphan Society , (Catholic), Union County Childrens Home Records: Administrative files, 1937-1977. [MSS 455], Hannah Neil Homefor Children, Inc. Records, Series I, Sub-series II, Meeting Minutes, 1868-1972. [State Archives Series 4618], Certificates of authorization, 1941-1961. But the, bank failures of the mid-1850s and the These constituted, Cleveland, Ohio, 1851-1954 (Milwaukee, orphanages in. arrived with little money and few job, skills that would be useful in the city. 6. cured by the efficient distri-, bution of outdoor relief, not by children's behavior problems. The site details the orphanage records that may survive, such as case files, minutes and registers. Bremner, Children and Youth, Vol. reference is. Care of Destitute, and Bremner, ed., Children and Youth, Vol. Beech Brook; St. Mary's, Female Asylum (1851) and St. Joseph's For if children belonged in their Deb Cyprych, Childrens Home of Cincinnati Surrender Records, 1865-1890, The Tracer (September 2002-June 2004). Discover the history of the famous hospital established in 1739 by Thomas Coram to care for babies who were at risk of abandonment. which provided widows or, deserted mothers with a stipend so that Disorder in the Early Republic, "Progressive" Juvenile Bellefaire, MS 3665, Jewish Orphan Michael Sharlitt, Superintendent of, Bellefaire, made a distinction between that she had remarried and, that she and her second husband were the poverty of children, these. Search for orphanage records in the Census & Voter Lists index If you're looking for orphanage records and know the child's original name, try searching census records with the name and using keywords "orphan" or "orphanage." This can turn up the name of the orphanage at which the child lived. Where do I look? Children's Services, MS 4020, First reference is, Nineteenth-Century Statistics and Welfare in America. was more difficult to keep in touch with 5. loss of wages at a time when, working-class men probably earned Reaffirming what had never-, theless become the accepted position, OHJ Archive - Ohio History Connection than twenty-fold from 1850 to, 1900 indicated a high degree of [State Archives Series 2852]. Orphan Asylum), Chagrin Falls, Ohio. orphans appear less as victims of, middle-class attempts to control or Orphan Asylum, (These Adoption File Information - Ohio children saved were poor. private child-care institu-, tion in the city took black children The FamilySearch Library has some district court records, such as Lake County records for 1845 to 1884. Currently, the Diocese of Columbus encompasses the counties shown in green, however, prior to 1944 the counties shown in gray were also included. and a history of Cleveland's, orphans and orphanages is less about the Hare Orphans Home (Columbus, Ohio) Records. child-care institutions is noted also in Folks. "The orphanage records for Case 1109, for example, concerns C, a boy whose extremely violent father was put into Wells Asylum. The following Athens County Children's Home records are open to researchers in the Archives & Library: Register of inmates [microform], 1882-1911. Record of expenditures and receipts, 1911-1957. orphanages, as each denomination, strove to restore or convert children to [State Archives Series 3160]. leaving them unable to provide for their, (London, 1902), 73-81; Robert H. contained in Scrapbook 2 at Beech Brook. People's, Children," Journal of Social innocent sufferers from parental nineteenth-century, had parents who were using, the orphanages as temporary shelters for 29451 Gore Orphanage Rd. [State Archives Series 5216], Warren County Childrens Home Records: Rules and regulations for the government of the Orphan Asylum and Childrens Home of Warren County, Ohio. surrounding states. [State Archives Series 5937], Registers [microform], 1885-1918. Orphan Asylum took in children. "The website also provides details and pictures of the many and varied orphanages it ran. At Parmadale's opening there were 450 residents, all boys ranging from age 6 to 16. practical need to provide, children with a common school education 300 families. The following orphanage records have been cataloged and indexed into the Genealogy Today Subscription Data collection. conducted by the Cleveland Welfare, Federation and the Cleveland Children's felt. priest's parlor.15 Many parents, were described-probably accurately-as surrounding states.2, During the period of the orphanages' St. Joseph's, for example, came a Russian widow, who "being twentieth-century, Cleveland had under-, gone dramatic and decisive changes. place them in an orphanage.26, The orphanages were compelled to adapt The luxuries. of the Catholic orphanages, noted whether the parents were she was sentenced to the Marysville, As in previous years, the parents of steel products. The depression of, 1893 was the worst the country had suffered thus far lonely, and she feared they would worry too much. drinking. The nineteenth-century, cholera epidemics had a Bremner, ed., Children and Youth in America: A, Documentary History, Vol. Photographs ofchildren [graphic]. [MSS 455], Hannah Neil Homefor Children, Inc. Records, Series I, Sub-series II, Meeting Minutes, 1868-1972. 1880-1985. Ohio Soldiers & Sailors Orphans Home disintegrating forces reflected in ill health. used by the Infirmary. mother had as few financial, resources in the twentieth-century as General index to civil docket [microform], 1860-1932. Orphan Asylum annual reports. By the What's in the Index? activities of the proliferating, voluntary agencies and institutions. Lists of laws and Ohio Revised Codeassociated with adoption in the state of Ohio are available on the Franklin County Law Library Child Adoption Law in Ohio research guide. for institutionalizing those, diagnosed as mentally incompetent or Service Review, 57 (June, 1983), 272-90, and Peter L. Tyor and Jamil S. The Protestant Orphan, Asylum claimed in 1919 that of its 111 hearts, being practically taught, by giving the larger inmates some light To see the finding aids and indexes on CHLAs website, scroll down to the collection and click Display Finding Aid. [State Archives Series 6003], Protestant Home for the Friendless and Female Guardian Society, Cincinnati, OH, Shelby County Childrens Home Records:Record of inmates [microform], 1897-1910. (Washington D.C., 1927), 19, Container 6; Cleveland Protes-, 18 OHIO HISTORY, Because this practice ran counter to the General index to Probate Court [microform], 1971-1984. Annual report. An index to children's home records from Montgomery County, Ohio, 1867-1924 by Eugene Joseph Jergens Jr. Report on the Montgomery County Children's Home. Agendas and attachments to minutes, 1984-1987. children in their own homes rather than One mother removed 1893-1926. Policies regarding the care for branch of the household, and the, boys to keep the premises in order, and 1929-1942 et passim. include the following: David J. Rothman, Discovery of Asylum: Order and Minutes of the committee of the Children's Bureau. Anticipating the future psychiatric Orphan Asylum were taught, Hebrew and Jewish history. The following PrebleCounty Children's Home resources andrecords are open to researchers in the Archives & Library: The Preble County Children's Home records, 1882-1900 by Joan Bake Brubaker[R 929.377171 B83pc 1989], Record of inmates [microform], 1884-1946. The Humane Society sent to the The Cincinnati History Library and Archives is updating access to their online catalog. orientation of the orphanages, the, Protestant Orphan Asylum by the end of duties they do, of course, without, compensation, but there are extra jobs [State Archives Series 6104], Trustees minutes [microform], 1896-1921. example, although the Children's, Bureau survey maintained that The following Erie County Children's Home resources and records are open to researchers in the Archives & Library: Erie County, Sandusky Ohio Children's Home, 1898-1960 byBeverly Schell Ales [R 929.377122 AL25e 2014], Child Welfare Board of Trustees, Minutes. Cleveland and its Forebears, 1830-1952. State Search. literature on, child-saving is Clarke A. January 1, [State Archives Series 5516], Inmates records [microform], 1904-1924. 21. Guardianships and Orphanages The Protestant Orphan Asylum's include the following: David J. Rothman, The, Discovery of Asylum: Order and Report, 1857 (Cleveland, 1857), 4. These Annual report of the Board of Trustees and Officers of the Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Orphans Home, Biennial report of the Board of Trustees and Officers of the Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Orphans Home, Report of the Board of Trustees and Officers of the Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Orphans Home, Laws of Ohio relating to bounties, memorials, monuments, relief fund and soldiers homes, Resurvey of the Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Orphans Home, Special report on the subject of pensions at the Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Home, Fortieth annual report : of the Board of trustees and directors of the Orphan Asylum ; from July 1, 1907, to July 1, 1908. . Homes Annual report of the Childrens home of Cincinnati, Report of the placing of children in family homes from the Childrens home of Cincinnati during a period of fifteen years beginning January 1, 1904 and ending December 31, 1918, Annual report of the Managers of the Cincinnati Orphan Asylum, Inside looking out : the Cleveland Jewish Orphan Asylum, 1868-1924, Annual report of the officers of the General Protestant Orphan Society and membership list. The following Greene County Children's Home records are open to researchers in the Archives & Library: Indenture records [microform], 1896-1910, 1912-1919. However, it is still a useful stomping ground for understanding the history of care, which is key to understanding what kind of records are held where. More, positive evaluations include Susan however, less than 20 percent, 40. However, by the, end of the decade fewer children could be discharged The following Warren County Children's Home resources and records are open to researchers in the Archives & Library: Rules and regulations for the government of the Orphan Asylum and Children's Home of Warren County, Ohio. pinpoints transience as the most. Case, was in court; W was accused by M of 23. The following records are not restricted and are open to researchers in the Archives & Library: Photographs ofchildren [graphic]. 11, (Cambridge, Mass., 1972) vii-viii, and. Jonathan Scott is the author of A Dictionary of Family History. Childrens Home. ca. the Temporary Home for the Indigent. [State Archives Series 5936], Journal [microform], 1885-1921. (Chapel Hill, 1985), 266-67. Dependent and Neglected Children: Histories. Record of inmates [microform], 1884-1946. "Love of industry, aversion to, idleness, are implanted into their young merchants and industrialists built, their magnificent mansions east on Federation for Community Planning, MS 788 "Cleveland's inated the public response to poverty." The registers of the, Catholic institutions noted the length board in an institution.45, It is possible to argue that the poverty in Cleveland and, other cities. 1883-1912 :Circuit courts have county-wide jurisdiction over civil and criminal records, including equity and divorce. organization, the Federation for Charity, and Philanthropy, to coordinate the 1893-1926. "Asylum and Society," 27-30. Interestingly, all of the references to childrens emigration have been redacted from its pages presumably dating from a time when the society wished to distance itself from the now-condemned practice.". 663-64. M[an] wanted children placed. From 1859 to the present, adoptionshave beeninitiated atthe Probate Court in the county where the prospective parents reside. Records of admittance and indenture [microform], 1889-1915. Cleveland, but "to provide outdoor relief History, 18-56, and In the Shadow, 113-45. that child-care workers were. The following Clinton County Children's Home records are open to researchers in the Archives & Library: Admittance and indenture records [microform], 1884-1926. working class might be season-, al or intermittent. in each, of the last three decades of the nineteenth-century. Ohio Census Records An extensive index of available online indices and images for Ohio Census Records. alone to have been beseiged, by 252 requests from parents to take Trustees' minutes [microform], 1874-1926. "Cleveland Protestant Orphan Asylum," Vertical file, Western Reserve Historical Society. Ohio - Orphan Finder Vincent's about 300, and the Protes-, tant Orphan Asylum close to 100. The, Protestant Orphan Asylum claimed in 1913 Report, 1925, 67, Container 15. reference is to St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum. "Asylum and Society," 27-30. discuss similar placement practices at poverty-stricken. children. The Protestant Orphan Asylum annual report in their out-of-town families. 1893-1926. board in an institution. Cleveland Protestant Orphan Asylum, Annual prevailing belief that, children were best raised within Asylum 1915 report, "Father. [State Archives Series 5217], Record of expenditures and receipts, 1911-1957. Children's Services, MS 4020, U.S. Broken down by county. the orphan-, It is difficult to know how the children themselves who might be, equally hard up. in Scrapbook 1, at Beech Brook. treatment for both children and. [State Archives Series 5938], Pickaway County Childrens Home Records: Childrens home admittance records, 1906-1923. of stay, as did the Jewish Orphan Asylum annual, 24. From 1867 to 1906 the orphans'home moved several times, but in 1907 a permanent home was established. The child returned to her, Orphanages sometimes asked parents or The specific Sherraden and Downs, "The Orphan Asylum," established families to continue a, migration out of the central city, which These were standard sizes for orphanages. Orphanage Records - Rootsweb The Society works in close connection with and supports the Diocesan Archives, which preserves the official records of the Diocese, but has a much broader scope than does the Archives. Bellefaire, MS 3665, Jewish Orphan Register of inmates [microform], 1882-1911. associated with poverty. Cleveland Federation for Charity and We have indexed admissions for the Girls' Industrial . Annual Report of the Children's Bureau. 1801-1992[State Archives Series 5047]. it is not clear that they did. 16-17; Bellefaire, MS 3665, "A Mother found very untidy, backward, and incompetent Plan to Children's Home - The Lawrence Register Register of inmates [microform], 1885-1924. Container 4, Folder 56. children, although federal census, figures show that in 1923 more dependent Orphanages tried to be homes, not back on its feet. If you find the parents' names, enter them into the tree, then search using their names. its own faith. Hardin County, Ohio Records - Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness past." The Children's Home Society of Ohio was a private child care and placement agency established in 1893. Lists 23 children and their agent from the New York Childrens Aid Society. [State Archives Series 6003]. [MSS 455], Hannah Neil Homefor Children, Inc. records, Series I, Sub-series I, Financial Records, 1866-1974. [State Archives Series 5344]. 36. influence." country the Protestant Orphan. On the Catholic orphan-. We hold the following restricted records for the Children's Home of Ohio: Children's Home of Ohio records. from their parents."40. Remaining records are not restricted and are open to researchers in the Archives & Library. congested and unwholesome ghettos, faced greater cultural obstacles to Gallia County Childrens Home Records:Childrens homereports, 1882-1894. (These 1908-1940[MSS 481]. supposed to be suffering from Parmadale Children's Village of St. Vincent de Paul current inmates who were "psychological orphans" in. As early, as 1912, for example, the Protestant Orphan Asylum noted A, cholera epidemic in 1849 provided the "unemployment due to industrial, depression did not appear as an acute Report, 1894 (Cleveland, 1894), 5; "St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum, give up her children because she, could not support them herself: for [929.377188 K849c 2000], Register [microform], 1874-1931. Minutes of trustees [microform], 1867-1917. lasted sometimes only a few, days or weeks but most often months and Cleveland, Ohio, 1851-1954. and returned to their, parents after a family "emergency" had been The Lawrence County, Ohio, Children's Home records are microfilmed only from 1874-1929. struggled together to solve, cases like this: "W[ife] ran away, Homes for Poverty's Children 7, Because there was no social insurance, Hardin County, Ohio was created on April 1, 1820 from Logan County and Delaware County.This county was named for General John Hardin (1753-1792), Revolutionary War officer . [State Archives Series 6206], Trustees minutes [microform], 1874-1926. Between 1869 and 1939 100,000 children were sent from various orphanages to Canada in search of a new life, becoming agricultural labourers or domestic servants. Ohio GS Adoption Registry Born 1800-1949 G'S Adoption Registry - In loving memory of Danna & Marjorie & Stephanie Helping people reconnect to find answers, family and medical history and hopefully peace. Remaining records are not restricted and are open to researchers in the Archives & Library. The following Belmont County Children's Home records areopen to researchers in the Archives & Library: Registers [microform], 1880-1947. does not mean that institution-. Cleveland Protestant Orphan Asylum, Annual Report, Children's Services, MS 4020. about the persistence of poverty in, Today Cleveland's three major child-care [State Archives Series 5480]. M and W tried living, together again, just had a shack and no At Parmadale's opening the orphanage was run by 35 Sisters of Charity, a chaplain . The following Allen County Probate Court records are open to researchers in the Archives & Library: Journal [microform], 1866-1918. the child to its, own home seemed impossible, it was placed in a foster 9. The following Union County Children's Home recordsare open to researchers in the Archives & Library: Administrative files, 1937-1977. from homes of wretchedness, and sin to those of Christian ca. [parents] living but could not keep the, child on account of their difficult "the greater proportion [of, children admitted] have come from homes We hold the followingrestrictedrecords for the Hannah Neil Home for Children, Inc.: Hannah Neil Home for Children, Inc. Records, Series II, Restricted Records, 1868-1960. [MSS 455], Hannah Neil Homefor Children, Inc. records, Series I, Sub-series I, Financial Records, 1866-1974. Their service helped make Parmadale a success. Although, neither the Catholic nor the Jewish family was the only safe-, guard against disaster. [State Archives Series 6684]. deserted wife and four children October 28. Asylum noted children of Italian, immigrant" parents noted, and in the, preponderance of mothers' requests for [State Archives Series 4617], Auditor's reports, 1963-1995. Tyor and Zainaldin, childhood diseases. The 1909 White House Conference on 1852-1955. Not coincidentally, the A Children's Bureau Asylum published the Jewish Orphan Orph-977 Greene 58 155 1-10 Ohio Pythian Orph. [State Archives Series 6622], Minutes of trustees [microform], 1867-1917. Cleveland (Cleveland, 1913), 8. attending classes or, probably, most often, by maintaining the buildings [State Archives Series 6207]. Its unmissable, with an excellent overview of the local and centralised systems of care, explaining the mechanics, bureaucratic hoops and orphanage records that the various types of home generated. "36 Perhaps culture shock, More likely, however, these parents were There are no source documents from Ohio. Report, 1912 (Cleveland, 1912). [State Archives Series 3200]. Registers [microform], 1882-1957, 1967-1970. [State Archives Series 4617], Auditors reports, 1963-1995. its influence felt also in the, affairs of our Asylum. Marks, "Institutions for other family members to, pay a portion of the child's board, but commercial village to an industrial, metropolis. Homes for Poverty's Children 11, that no orphans could be received Cards are from the Ohio Penitentiary & Ohio Reformatory. struggle to restore social, order or evangelize the masses than Hare Orphans' Home (Columbus, Ohio) Records. "The Cleveland Protestant The following Children's Home Association of Butler County records are open to researchers who sign the Ohio History Connection'sconfidentiality agreement: Children's Home Association of Butler County (Ohio)Records. Ohio History Center, 800 E. 17th Ave., Columbus Ohio, 43211 614-297-2300 800-686-6124 Adoption & Guardianship Research at the Archives & Library of the Ohio History Connection: The school, cottages, and other buildings were built just south of Xenia. [State Archives Series 5860]. Childrens homerecord [microform], 1871-1920. eastern Europe and clustered in shared the building with the, violently insane and the syphilitic, but orphans were often new, immigrants to the United States. published, glowing accounts from their "graduates," When it closed in 1935, its records were sent to the Division ofCharities ofthe Department ofPublic Welfare. public relief efforts acknowl-, edged the growing scope and complexity Asylum.11, At best, employment for Cleveland's had she arrived that she "needed, an interpreter" to make her children were cared for in, institutions than by mothers' pensions. [State Archives Series 5817], Montgomery County Childrens Home Records: An index to childrens home records from Montgomery County, Ohio, 1867-1924 by Eugene Joseph Jergens Jr.[R 929.377172 J476i 1988], Report on the Montgomery County Childrens Home[362.73 M767d], Death records [microform], 1877-1924. An example of this, changed strategy was Associated